Not medical advice. StopMyCancer is an educational resource. It does not diagnose, predict outcomes, or replace your care team. If you experience severe symptoms — sudden pain, difficulty breathing, high fever, or bleeding — seek emergency medical care immediately.

Understanding Cancer Staging & Grading

Before diving into a specific cancer type, it helps to understand how doctors classify and describe cancer. Here are the three core systems you will encounter.

TNM Staging System

The TNM system is the most widely used method for describing how far a cancer has spread. T (Tumor) measures the size and extent of the main tumor. N (Nodes) describes whether cancer has reached nearby lymph nodes. M (Metastasis) tells whether cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. Together, these three letters create a stage (I through IV) that helps your care team plan treatment.

Grading (Grade 1–3)

Grading describes how abnormal cancer cells look under a microscope compared to healthy cells. Grade 1 (low grade) cells look most like normal cells and tend to grow slowly. Grade 2 (intermediate) cells look somewhat abnormal. Grade 3 (high grade) cells look very different from normal cells and tend to grow and spread more quickly. Grading helps predict how aggressive a cancer may be.

Biomarkers

Biomarkers are specific molecules found in tissue, blood, or other body fluids that tell your care team more about the behavior of your cancer. Common examples include ER/PR (hormone receptors in breast cancer), HER2 (a protein that can promote cancer growth), PD-L1 (used in immunotherapy decisions), and BRCA1/BRCA2 (gene mutations linked to breast and ovarian cancer). Biomarkers help guide which treatments are most likely to work for your specific cancer.

What Every Guide Includes

Every cancer type guide on StopMyCancer follows the same thorough, evidence-based structure so you always know what to expect.

Plain-Language Summary

A one-paragraph overview anyone can understand — no medical degree required. What this cancer is, where it starts, and who it commonly affects.

Diagnosis & Staging

How this cancer is found, what tests are involved, and what the stages mean. From screening to biopsy to TNM classification.

Treatment Options

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy — explained in terms you can actually follow.

Side Effects

What to expect from treatment, how to manage common side effects, and when to contact your care team. Honest, practical, no sugar-coating.

Questions to Ask

Copy-paste lists of questions for your oncologist, surgeon, and care team. Walk into every appointment prepared and ready to advocate.

Sources & Review

Every claim cited from clinical guidelines and major cancer centers. Pages are regularly reviewed and updated as evidence evolves.

Understand Your Pathology Report

Paste your pathology report and get plain-language explanations of every term, stage, biomarker, and procedure. Free, private, and evidence-based.

Translate My Pathology Report